• MIDDLE AGES OR MEDIEVAL PERIOD


The Medieval Period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. In Europe, it began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery.

The Norman conquest of England was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later styled as William the Conqueror.
William defeated Harold II of England on October 14 of 1066 at the Battle of Hastings and was crowned King of England. This brought about many political, economic and social changes in medieval England.
A direct consequence of the invasion was the almost total elimination of the old English aristocracy and the loss of English control over the Catholic Church in England. Also, many Anglo-Saxons, including groups of nobles, fled the country for Scotland, Ireland or Scandinavia. Members of King Harold’s family sought refuge in Ireland and used their bases in that country for unsuccessful invasions of England.

But, one of the most obvious effects of the conquest was the introduction of Anglo-Norman, a northern dialect of Old French, as the language of the ruling classes in England, displacing Old English.

MODERN PERIOD

The Modern Period lasted from the 15th to the 18th century. In Europe, it began with the fall of Constantinople (Istanbul) an ends in 1789 with the beginning of the French Revolution.

·      The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers"), who supported the king Charles I.
Charles, like his father James I, he believed in the divine right of the king, whose government came directly from God. This belief was what confronted Carlos versus the parliament.
When Charles became king in 1625 started a fight versus the parliament on his rights to: prison people who were against him, impose religion and collect taxes.
In 1629 he dissolved the parliament and during 11 years he tried
to govern alone, he tried to impose Anglican customs to the Scots. The Scots rebelled and organized and army which, in 1640, occupied part of North England.
In 1642 a war broke out across the country, the king made Oxford its capital and its forces took advantage, but the parliament with the Scots eventually proved to be superior.

The king surrendered in 1646, after Oxford fell at the hands
of the Roundheads. He was put in prison and in 1649 Oliver Cromwell kill him.

·      Formation of First British Empire (between the 16th and early 18th centuries)
In 1578, Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration. That year, Gilbert sailed
for the Caribbean with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic. In 1583 he embarked on a second attempt, on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbor he formally claimed for England, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the Roanoke Colony on the coast of present-day North Carolina, but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail.


In 1603, James VI, King of Scots, ascended (as James I) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London, ending hostilities with Spain. Now at peace with its main rival, English attention shifted from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies. The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the English settlement of North America and the so alert islands of the Caribbean, and the establishment of joint-stock companies, most notably the East India Company, to administer colonies and overseas trade. This period, until the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after the American War of Independence towards the end of the 18th century, has subsequently been referred to by some historians as the "First British Empire".

XIX CENTURY

UNION WITH IRELAND


The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was formed by the union of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland in 1800.

Under the terms of the union, Ireland would be represented in the United Parliament. Part of the treaty would be Catholic.




NAPOLEONIC WARS

The Napoleonic Wars were a series of warlike conflicts that took place during the time when Napoleon I Bonaparte ruled in France.

There are those who consider that they began when Napoleon came to power 1802 in the context of the French Revolutionary Wars, and consider the rupture of peace and declaration of war From the United Kingdom to France in 1803.



VICTORIAN ERA

The Victorian Era of British history marked the pinnacle of its Industrial Revolution and the British Empire. Characterized by profound changes in cultural sensitive and concerns Policies.
When Victoria ascended to the throne, England was essentially agrarian and rural; to his death, the country was highly industrialized and most of its territory was already connected by a railway network that continued to expand.
It is usually divided into Victorian times in three stages:
 Early Victorianism (1837-1851)
Average Victorianism (1851-1873)

Late Victorianism (1873-1901)